The role of UK government increasing the competition in the mortgage Dissertation

The role of UK government increasing the competition in the mortgage markets to stimulate the British housing marketing and even - Dissertation Example The UK too experienced housing bubble burst as a reported 37,749 homeowners in the UK lost their homes to the bank between March and June 2008 (Seeking Alpha, 2008). The crisis deepened as banks cut off mortgage lending. Banks and building societies are expected to pay about ?130bn of the emergency borrowing they availed from the Bank of England and the Treasury (Bown, 2011). Rationale for research Traditionally, in most economies, people preferred to remain tenants throughout their life. Changes in lifestyles, education and temptations by the cheap lending rates introduced the concept of becoming house owners. Businessmen in earlier days would tend to invest any extra funds into their business rather than invest in housing (Lawson, 2011). The idea was that this would grow and bring in more prosperity and ready cash to be used for personal purposes than invest in dwelling which one never disposes off. Liquidity preference theory states that the more liquid an asset, the more attracti ve it is an asset as it can be traded easily (Wyatt, 2011). Properties, even in a buoyant market take several weeks to be traded and in a recessionary economy, it may take years. It is less attractive an as investment and the transaction costs are also higher because of the stamp duty and legal fees. Motivation for the study The motivation for the study has arisen from this concept – why did people become interested to invest their savings in dwellings which may appreciate over time but can be of no use to the person who has made the investment? It would also be interesting to evaluate the role that the UK government has played in boosting housing and mortgage of housing in expectation that this would contribute to the growth of the UK economy. Research Aims and Objectives With the objective to determine that competition in the UK mortgage sector did not yield the expected returns and was in fact responsible for the housing bubble, the objectives of the study are: To evaluate the measures that the government took in boosting the housing sector To list the incentives that the government provided to enhance competition in the mortgage market To evaluate the impact of the cheap lending rates in the housing market on the UK economy Literature Review While traditionally building societies were responsible for financing house owners, the concept changed in the 1980s. The business model of the building societies was very simple but as demand intensified, there were queues for mortgages which prompted government intervention (CML, 2004). Competition in the mortgage sector intensified as centralized lenders such as housing corporations entered the market. The UK property bubble was inevitable as the valuations were stretched and lending criteria loosened (Lynn, 2007). Unsecured bad debts and mortgage arrears continued to rise as owners could not keep up payments. The government made attempts in different ways to boost investments in housing. Government intervent ion in housing finance has always existed in every economy through the creation of special circuits for funding flows (Diamond & Lea, 2000). The idea was that investments in dwellings would enhance the banking and the financial sector which would support the growth of the economy. However, political and market forces have been responsible for eroding the reasons for creating the circuits.

Jadelink Market Essay Example for Free

Jadelink Market Essay Comentario en Internet de Harvard Business Review : â€Å"The experienced entrepreneurial chief executive officer (CEO) of Jadelink International Limited strives to create a modern jewelry brand representing a new perception in jade. The CEO has achieved early success of growing sales rapidly and bringing Jadelink products to Shanghai, the trendiest city in China. But the company wants to expand business to the Asian and international luxury goods markets. This requires intensive capital to continue to build up the company scale. This case examines the consideration of venturing a new business in the China market, managing business growth and acquiring venture capital. It also allows discussion of factors leading to a successful entrepreneurship and dealing with business highly associated with industry tradition, people connection and product design and innovation†. Q1: How would you characterize Chung as an entrepreneur? What lessons did he learn in the past few years as an entrepreneur? See the comments on above Kent Chung us the CEO and founder of Jadelink International Limited, company based in HK. He is an accountant that worked for Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu (DTT) and then he started his own accounting Firm. He likes business and he likes to be an entrepreneur, he: * Sold cosmetics in HK. He learned that he invested a lot in expensive furniture there. * Sold Silk stocks (medias de seda) in Lo Wu * Published Puntonghua (mandarin) Books. * Opened a Cigar shop that currently still operates in a four stars hotel (with profits). * He lost HK $12 millions in an investment of an online education project. In this case, he learned that people want pleasure and looking good, not inspiration or education. The key point is to know the desires and trends of consumers. He summarized the lessons as follows: * Business startup: Team spirit, company infrastructure, work coordination, trust. * Entrepreneur: Hard work, multitasking, flexibility, pressure-resistance, independence * Drivers of a company: Clear business direction and product familiarization. Mastering financial foundation is important. Luxury Market Tea. First Chung bought a tea garden in 2004. Rich Chinese started to buy expensive/premium tea. Problems faced: Farmers knew what leaves are better and they keep them for themselves. Picking tea in an intensive labor, the farmer did well but the motivation dropped quickly once they make enough money to live leisurely. Manage farmers was hard. Jade Business Jade was more suited for Mr. Chang. His wife studied gemology and his younger brother’s father in law (el suegro de su hermano menor) was a veteran of the industry that known everything of sourcing and stones cutting. Jewerly market in China was booming. He founded the company Jadelink International Limited in 2005, with the investment of a Silent Investor, and his wife. Q2: What was the value proposition of Jadelink? Jadelink controlled all the operation flow Material Purchasing and processing. * Product design, manufacturing and retailing took place in different subsidiaries. * Team in HK: Design * Plant in Foshan (Guandong province): Cutting, slicing and polishing. * Several Contractors and Artisans in HK were outsourced (for final phases of the process) in order to avoid dependence of one of them. a) Jadelink conducted market research, ask for customers’ feedback, and design according customers taste. In addition, they have an exclusive technique in stone-cutting enabled Jadelink to use almost 2/3 of a jadeite rough to make the maximum number of jewelry items. b) Chung use to ask to candidates to probe their abilities spontaneously (designers mainly). Chung selected excellent professionals to build up the company. How did Chung succeed in starting up Jadelink? Once the company â€Å"Jadelink† was founded, Chung only took 25 months to set up: * A heading office and retail store in HK * A manufacturing plant in Foshan * 8 retail shops at vantage points in Shanghai * A company website and e-business in Japan * In 2008 there are more than 80 employees. Asi o mas exitoso 3. What did Chung do to establish the company? He has a very clear idea: Jade is precious for Chinese, but if one wants to buy jade jewelry, would the person think of any particular company The initial investment was approximately HK $ 30 million. * Chung $ HK 10million (cash) * Silent Investor $HK10 (cash) * Wong (wife) invested her stock of jade merchandise 4. Outline the current problems facing Jadelink. How did these problems arise? In 2006, Jadelink had sales of a couple of million HK dollars, which increased several times in 2007. In the first two months of 2008, when the sales volume was three times the sales for the same period in 2007, the business broke even. Chung was confident that no potential competitors could emerge fast enough to threaten Jadelinks business in a few years. Therefore, he wished not only to open 30 to 50 shops in all major cities of China but also to promote the brand internationally, expanding to Taiwan, Singapore and Japan, making Jadelink a leading player in the industry. Chung believed that Jadelink was good enough to survive well in the market with this existing scale. However, if he wanted to push the growth of Jadelink forward, he would have to expand the company within five years, which would require an estimated RMB100 million (about 16 million dollars) investment. As Jade industry is capital-intensive, there is too much capital being backlogged in the raw jadeite. The production period usually lasts long, which puts a lot of pressure on capital turnover. Besides, the payback period for a Jadelink shop is two years and it requires about six months for a counter in a department store. As a result, though the company has started to make profit, the existing amount of cash flow is not satisfying enough. More stores and years are required to obtain enough funding to implement Chung’s plan for expansion. If Chung chose to develop at a conservative pace, using the company’s retained earnings, he might miss the opportunity to grow with the expanding China market. Also, potential competitors could also emerge. Therefore, Chung decided to obtain external funding from venture capitalists and other forms of private equity. Internal management problems as the management system was not clear enough. Practices were not recorded, and there is a lack of clear guidelines and training manuals. Q5: What were the issues that caused Chung to obtain external funding? In the eyes of venture capitalists, his company was small and few investors understood the jade industry or recognized the market potential. Chung was concerned they were treaty Jadelink as on their pretty production divisions and simply put it under the existing structure without recognizing his vision and Jadelink’s strengths. Q2: Give recommendations for promoting the expansion of Jadelink. 1. Optimize the internal management system. Jadelink should record practices and set up clear guidelines and training manuals. As Jadelink expands, the company will come across more problems in daily activities. Some of the problems may be similar so there is no need to discuss how to handle it every time. With clear guidelines and training manuals, employees will know how to deal with the affairs under certain circumstances. 2. Attract professional staff. Since the policies〠customers’ preference〠culture and resources are different in varies countries, Jadelink should hire experts who have a good knowledge of each country in order to adjust to and broaden the market. Designers are supposed to know one country’s custom and culture well so that they can manufacture products which cater for the need of customers in different countries. 3. When searching for external funding, Chung had better choose the investors who would respect his effort and vision in addition to focusing on the monetary value of Jadelink. Thus the investors would feel an attachment to the company and be able to relate to their own affections for the company, and they will have the same target as Chung, which is to transform Jadelink into a world-famous brand. Otherwise investors may hold different opinions against the CEO, which would make the operation and management difficult.

The Life Of Walt Disney Film Studies Essay

The Life Of Walt Disney Film Studies Essay When he arrived back to the United States, Walt moved back to Kansas City where he worked on several different jobs as a commercial artist and a cartoonist. One of these jobs was a temporary contract with the Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio where he created ads for newspapers, magazines and movie theatres. It was at the Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio where Walt met Ubbe Iwerks with whom he set up Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists, which Disney soon left and began working at Kansas City Film Ad Company where he made cut out animation commercials. Disney decided he wanted to become an animator, he read a book called Animated Cartoons: How They Are Made, Their Origin and Development through which he learned about cel animation which he found to be much more promising then cutout animation. He was allowed to borrow a camera from work to experiment at home. He recruited fellow Kansas City Film Ad Company employee, Fred Harman as his own first employee and the two secured a deal with local theatre owner F rank L. Newman to screen their cartoons which they titled Laugh-O-Grams. The cartoons were hugely successful in the Kansas City area and from their success Disney was able to set up his own studio also called Laugh-O-Gram and also hire a number of animators including Fred Harman and Ubbe Iwerks. The company soon went bankrupt as the studios profits were unable to pay for the animators high salaries and Walt was unable to manage the money. After the failure of Laugh-O-Grams, Walt set his sights on Hollywood, where he met up with his older brother Roy and using the twos collective funds they set up a cartoon studio. At this stage a New York distributor Margaret Winkler signed a deal for some live-action/animated shorts based upon Alices Wonderland, which Walt had worked on in Kansas City with Iwerks. Walt and Roy had now set up Disney Brothers Studio, a single story building on Hyperion Avenue, LA where the company remained until 1939. The Alice Comedies were quite successful until finishing up in 1927 by which time the focus was mostly on the animated characters in the series rather than the live action Alice, especially Julius, a black cat that resembled Felix the Cat. In 1925, Disney had hired Lillian Bounds to ink and paint celluloid, Walt dated Lillian for a brief time and two got married in the same year. In 1927, Margaret Winklers husband, Charles B. Mintz had taken over her business and ordered Disney Studios to make a new animated series to be distributed through Universal Pictures. Oswald the Lucky Rabbit was the new series and was an instant success. Oswald, a character drawn and created by Iwerks became a popular figure. The company was doing so well that Walt hired 4 more animators. In February 1928, Mintz and Disney met to discuss a new fee for the shorts. Disney was looking for a higher payment but Mintz informed him that not only was he reducing the fee per short but that he had taken most of his main animators (except notably Iwerks) under contract and could begin his own studio if Disney did not accept the cuts and that Universal, not Disney, owned the trademark of Oswald the Rabbit so they could continue to make the films without Disney. Disney declined Charles Mintzs offer and lost the majority of his animation staff and his beloved Oswald the Rabbit. After losing Oswald, Walt Disney felt like he needed a new approach to his cartoons and new character to replace Oswald. The new character was based on a mouse that Walt had adopted as a pet while working in Kansas City. Ub Iwerks took Disneys rough sketches of the mouse, making it easier to animate. The mouse was originally called Mortimer, but later christened Mickey by Lillian Disney who thought the name Mortimer was too stiff and convinced him to go with Mickey instead. Mortimer later became Mickeys rival for Minnie. Mickey first starred in two silent films called Plane Crazy and The Gallopin Gaucho, both these films failed to find a distributor. By this time other film studios in Hollywood had began using sound in their movies and after Walt had seen The Jazz Singer, the first movie with sound, Disney decided to make the fist all-sound, talking and music cartoon with Mickey Mouse starring as Steamboat Willie which was distributed by Cinephone (1928). Eight years later, in 1936 c ritics and fans all over the world agreed that Mickey Mouse was the most recognized figure on the planet. It was Walt himself that provided Mickeys voice until 1946. Although he had stopped actually drawing the cartoons himself in 1927, Disney relied on his animators to implement his ideas which included launching many other successful cartoon characters over this time including Donald Duck, Goofy and Pluto. In 1932, Disney received a special Academy Award for the creation of Mickey Mouse. Disneys Success continued to soar throughout the 30s and 40s, with 1937 1941 being known as The Golden Age of Animation. In 1934 Disney began making plans for a full length feature animation, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs with an estimated budget of $150,000 that ended up costing Disney $1.5 million. The studio actually ran out of money mid 1937 and had to show a rough cut of the film to loan officers at the Bank of America who gave them money to finish production. The premiere on the 21st December 1937 was met with a standing ovation. The film was released in February 1938 and earned over $8 million on its first theatrical release, at a time when the average ticket price was 25 cents. On the success of Snow White, Disney was able to build brand new studios in Burbank, which opened for business in December 1939. Over the next four years, Disney produced Pinocchio, Fantasia, Bambi and Dumbo and early production work had started on Peter Pan and Alice in Wonderland. Although the ear ly forties proved difficult for Disney as many of the top animators went on strike. Personal Politics Throughout his life Walt Disney gave off the perfect public persona, but Walt has had many critics during his life and since his death. In the studios in Hyperion Ave, his employees knew him as Uncle Walt which at the time was a term of endearment and it seemed like a privilege to them not to have to call their boss Sir or Mr. Disney. The animators worked long hard hours to meet Disneys high standard of perfection, Everybody loved the studio, everybody joyfully worked over-time putting in all the hours needed without any pay, everybody liked each other and liked Walt Bill Melendez, animator at Disney Studios 1937-1941. But when the studios moved to the new location at Burbank, Disney introduced a high degree of specialization among his work force transforming animation into a production line process, here at last was the rationally planned factory Disney had dreamed of. Walt showed off the studio is a film called the reluctant dragon in which smiley white coated worked go happily abo ut their day. But reality at the new studios wasnt all that it seemed. The workers had been promised that the move from Hyperion was good for them as well as Walt, but this was not the case, in fact some workers fell that is was in some ways a deterioration in their working conditions. Marie Beardsley was one of the artists who made the move everything was segregated, everything got too big and too impersonal and I think thats where the trouble started. Through using this factory like method in the studio had created a hierarchy of jobs, at the top being the animators, all male and all hand picked by Disney beneath them was hundred of inkers and painters, who coloured in the thousands of pictures that made each scene. They were all women. Marie Beardsley said it probably never even occurred to Walt to put a man in the inking and paintingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ That was demeaning work, she recall supervisors walking around and standing behind and other women to see how well they were inking and how fast they were painting. They were timed to see were they worth keeping on. Bill Melendez recalls Walt saying that women were Ok to be used in a menial capacity because once they reached the age of thirty the hand got shaky so it was time to get rid of them. Things had changed in the new studio and Disneys increasingly tyrannical style of management meant for some that the words Uncle Walt took on a much more sinister meaning. Disney was unusually straight-laced for a Hollywood big shot; Marie Beardsley recalls a memo being sent around to all the girls in inking and painting saying that The married men in Disney were happily married and we want all of the girls to understand that, he disliked any sort of sexuality or even socialising amongst his employees. He and Lillian were together for forty years until his death and no one at Disney Studios recalls him ever showing any interest in any other women. He actually told one of his animators that he loved Mickey Mouse more than any girl hed ever known. On Walts 35th Birthday two of the animators made a film of Mickey and Minnie consummating their relationship, at the end of the film Walt stood up and said that it was great animation, he then asked who had made it, the animators who made it stood up and Walt fired them on the spot. Case Study: Disney Corporation vs Fitzpatrick In 2001, Denise and Francis Fitzpatrick, a young professional couple from Ireland did the impossible and defeated The Walt Disney Company in a legal battle over the rights to the name of their character Piggley Pooh for a TV series they wanted to develop. In 1999 Denise and Francis received a letter from Disney saying that the company was opposing their application for the trademark of Piggley Pooh in Europe because of Disneys character Winnie The Pooh. The Fitzpatricks faced an almost 3 year long battle with one of the biggest entertainment corporations in the world. In which they became emotionally, physically and financially broken. Winnie the Pooh is character from books written by A.A Milne in 1926.in 1930 Steven Slesinger purchased the rights to Winnie the Pooh from Milne for a $1000 advance and 66% of Slesingers income, by November 1931 Slesinger had turned Winnie the pooh into a $50 million a year business. Walt Disney bought Winnie the Pooh off Slesinger in 1961 and was paying twice yearly royalties to A.A Milnes beneficiaries until 2001 when they paid a lump sum of $350 million. The lump sum was spread out between the Royal Literary Society, the Westminster School and the Garrick Club and family of A.A Milne. Winnie the Pooh now raises at least $6 billion revenues for Disney each year. As a young girl on her grandmothers farm in Co Meath, Denise had a fascination with the pigs that were there, she used to visit them every time she was on her grandmothers farm and loved to make up stories about them. The main character in all her stories was Piggley Pooh. Denise says she had never heard of Winnie the Pooh or Piglet or any of the animals in 100 Acre Wood during her childhood in the 1960s and 1970s, like most Irish children she read Enid Blyton and other English wirters. Her imagination ran wild throughout her childhood as to what this marvellous little Pigley Pooh would be getting up to. Denise also had a love for stories from Celtic mythology and old Irish seanchaà ­s throughout her life. This is what she wanted the Piggley Pooh TV series to be based on, a simple story for children, with a moral lesson behind it. Disney were adamant the Fitzpatricks stop the production of the Piggley Pooh TV series, or at least change the name, something Denise was thoroughly against, she would not even hear of having the h at the end of pooh dropped. After the letter in January in 1999, they decided not to let the giant corporation ruin Denises childhood dreams. Piggley Pooh was already a registered trademark in the U.S, but they were objecting to the name becoming a registered trademark in Japan and Europe. Francis met with their Trademark Agents who were quite confident that they has a pretty strong case. Disney were trying to prove that their ownership of the name Winnie the Pooh was being stolen by the use of the word pooh in Piggley Poohs name. In 2000, Denise and Francis flew over to L.A for a meeting with Steve Ackerman, Disneys chief counsel worldwide. After many attempts to postpone their meeting, Francis arrived at the Burbank Studios where Ackerman showed up 40 minutes late for their meeting without a word of apology. Ackerman straight out told Francis that the problem they had was one of theft, they had stolen two names from Disney. Pooh and Piglet. Although they had slightly altered Piglet, they had still put it side by side with Pooh, and hoped to make millions from it. This is what the Disney Corporation thought about Francis and his wife and family and it looked as if they were not going to stop at anything to get their names back. The meeting was a hostile one, with Ackerman claiming that Disney could prove that there were Winnie the Pooh books in circulation in Ireland at the time of Denises childhood. Francis was called a thief many times and an Irish bastard. But things came to a head when Ackerman threatened the Fitzpatricks children Listen Francisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Youre not going to get the better of the Disney Corporation. Nobody gets the better of Disney. We got the recourses. We got the time. We got right on our side. Well go after you all around the world and bankrupt you. Youre a family man. You got children. You need to think again Youve got young childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ You and your wife have to look after them, not waste their future Francis flipped telling the corporate giant never to mention his children again. Telling him that Disney were the thieves in all this, stealing peoples dreams, peoples rights to tell stories and stealing something that had been a part of Denises life since she was a child. After this outburst, Ackerman realised that the Fitzpatricks were serious about this and would not be backing down anytime soon. The two men continued the meeting in a civil manner, with Disney proposing a settlement out of court of $500,000 for the Fitzpatricks to give up the Piggey Pooh name. They refused this offer and met the Disney Company in the European Trademark courts in Alicante, Spain in January 2001 but no oral hearing happened, it was done behind closed doors. Three months later Francis has a phone call from their Trademark Agents telling him it was good news. They had won, Disneys objection had been overruled and they were entitled to registration as owner of the trademark. But this wasnt the end for the battle for the name Piggley Pooh. In March 2002, Royal Bank of Scotland, the bank funding the TV series decided that the name Pooh must come out of the name Piggley Pooh because of Disneys powerful stance in the marketplace was too threatening to the brand of Piggley Pooh. If a Piggley Pooh soft toy were on sale for $10 in childrens shops, Disney would sell Winnie the Pooh for $8. The Fitzpatricks were back to square one. Although they had beat the Disney Corporation in the courts they had not fully won. Out of this Piggley Winks was born and turned into a successful animated TV series.

Dan Rather :: essays research papers

Before I begin, I'd like to thank the person who made it possible for me to be here with you all today. President Bill Clinton. By scheduling his trip to Moscow just so, I had enough of a pause between my trips to Japan and Oklahoma city and Russia that it was possible to make it to Hartford today. I'd also like to thank John Boyer. Somehow he got it into his head that I like Twain -- which I do -- and that I might know something about him -- which I don't. At least I am honest about it. However, you may want to consider that Mark Twain and I share certain unshakable philosphical similarities. We both lived in Connecticut for a while. We both like to fish. We both like to play hooky. We both like cigars. But Mark Twain's wife allowed him to light his cigars. (You can only imagine the sort of career I might've had if my wife let me light my cigars.owever, like the President, I am only permitted to chew mine.) I'm not unaware that the giving of lectures on Mark Twain is more commonly the sphere of academics. To be enjoyed by other academics. Academics can ask questions such as, "Was Huck black?" To which the rest of us would merely reply, "No." Academics prefer debate over simple questions. Academics aren't like you and me. At least, they're not like me. Such things are way over my head. I am a proud graduate of Sam Houston State Teachers College Huntsville, Texas. While those of us who went there know it to be the Yale or UConn of our part of the world, we're perfectly well aware that most people this far north have never heard of the place. Sam Houston State has about as much ivy growing on it as your average Burger King or McDonald's. I say all these things to underscore one thing. There may be great experts on the work of Mark Twain -- perhaps there are several in this room. But very few if any such great experts are graduates of Sam Houston State Teachers College. And I am not such a one. It's with that understanding that I proceed today. I don't pretend any expertise in the works of Mark Twain. I tend not to interpret much. I enjoy. In preparing for my visit I did a lot of reading and re-reading, and I did a lot of laughing out loud.

Hurricane Sandy: What Went Wrong Essay

Hurricane Sandy introduced herself to the United States in October of 2012. The super storm began its course in the Southeast, and moved all the way up to the Mid-Atlantic. The aftermath of this storm caused massive amounts of devastation to homes, businesses and shore areas. It left families grieving for those who were lost, and left a nation feeling sorry for those that were now homeless. The preceding actions that took place after the storm are what might be remembered most about this devastating storm. Epic Failure The post storm relief effort of Hurricane Sandy or lack of it is what is making news today. The lack of both a tactical and strategic plan from important leaders of our country has left victims of the storm still struggling to pick up the pieces nearly three months affect the storm. With strategic planning, â€Å"issue x is staring us in the face and we need some way to help us think about its resolution, or else we will be badly hurt.† (Bryson, 2011) But months after the storm it seems that our leaders are still thinking and not reacting. In parts of Long Island, many are still without power. New York councilmen, Mark Cuthbertson was quoted saying, â€Å"This was among other things an epic failure of communication.† (Cuthbertson, 2012) A failure of communication all comes back to a lack of planning. Everyone knew this storm was coming and the possible effects it could have so there really shouldn’t have been an excuse for a lack of communication. A benefit concert held at the famous Madison Square Garden was held to give relief to those affect by the storm. The concert producers announced the benefit performance â€Å"raised about $50 million for people affected by Hurricane Sandy.† (Mckinley, 2012) To this day however, no one really knows where that money has gone. Perhaps there giving little by little to victims but not a significant amount to start the rebuilding process. Everyone has begun to assume where the money has gone. This money was raised to help the victims out immediately, but no one has seen anything yet. Organizations like FEMA have also made mistakes after hurricane Sandy. While FEMA did give some emergency checks to some victims, the process to get any money from the organization was faulty. Many of the victims lost a lot of property if not everything. FEMA seemed to be giving a lot of the victims the run around. They were asking for documentation that many lost in the storm, which allowed FEMA to slow down the process of giving this relief money. Instead, Joel Rose of the National Public Radio reported, â€Å"FEMA is encouraging victims to apply for a low-interest loan from the small business administration.† (Rose, 2012) Many victims choose not to do this, because they were out of work and would have to pay back the loan. Relief efforts were also interrupted by politics. President Obama passed a bill giving 50 billion dollars in relief money. Many Republicans voted against this bill because they felt it puts the country into more debt. Republicans argued, â€Å"it’s spending that’s traditionally been untouchable, but it’s still spending.† (Keith 2013) They agreed to vote for the bill as long as the bill was offset by cuts elsewhere. Conclusion/ Summary The hesitation of the United States leaders in regards to planning are the key to what went wrong after Hurricane Sandy. The inability to show us where relief money is going has caused uproar. The faulty application process of FEMA has caused more headaches then relief. If money was raised it should be spent and spent on relief immediately. A plan should have been outlined and shown to the victims with a timeline of when, how and where the relief effort and rebuilding will occur. Hesitation only gives doubt to Americans, and that seems to be what is happening. References Bryson, John. M. Strategic Planning For Public and Nonprofit Organizations (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass, 2011 Cuthbertson, Mark. N.P.R. Group Probes Delayed Power Restoration Post Sandy, December, 2012, http://www.npr.org/2012/12/12/167029241/commission-probes-n-y-power-loss-after-hurricane-sandy Keith, Tamara. N.P.R. House Takes Up Sandy Relief Bill After It Was Dropped By Previous Congress, January, 2013, http://www.npr.org/2013/01/15/169452224/house-takes-up-sandy-relief-bill-after-it-was-dropped-by-previous-congress Mckinley, James. The New York Times. 12-12-12 Producers Say Concert Brought In $50 Million, December, 2012, http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/19/12-12-12-producers-say-concert-brought-in-50-million/ Rose, Joel. N.P.R. Some Sandy Victims Tied Up With Bureaucracy, November, 2012, http://www.npr.org/2012/11/15/165233716/some-sandy-victims-tied-up-with-bureaucracy

The Chernobyl Nuclear Accident

The Chernobyl Nuclear Accident The Chernobyl disaster was a fire at a Ukrainian nuclear reactor, releasing substantial radioactivity within and outside the region. The consequences to human and environmental health are still felt to this day. The V.I. Lenin Memorial Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station was located in Ukraine, near the town of Pripyat, which had been built to house power station employees and their families. The power station was in a wooded, marshy area near the Ukraine-Belarus border, approximately 18 kilometers northwest of the city of Chernobyl and 100 km north of Kiev, the capital of Ukraine. The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station included four nuclear reactors, each capable of producing one gigawatt of electric power. At the time of the accident, the four reactors produced about 10 percent of the electricity used in Ukraine. Construction of the Chernobyl power station began in the 1970s. The first of the four reactors was commissioned in 1977, and Reactor No. 4 began producing power in 1983. When the accident occurred in 1986, two other nuclear reactors were under construction. The Chernobyl Nuclear Accident On Saturday, ​April 26, 1986, the operating crew planned to test whether the Reactor No. 4 turbines could produce enough energy to keep the coolant pumps running until the emergency diesel generator was activated in case of an external power loss. During the test, at 1:23:58 am local time, power surged unexpectedly, causing an explosion and driving temperatures in the reactor to more than 2,000 degrees Celsius- melting the fuel rods, igniting the reactor’s graphite covering, and releasing a cloud of radiation into the atmosphere. The precise causes of the accident are still uncertain, but it is generally believed that the series of incidents that led to the explosion, fire, and nuclear meltdown at Chernobyl was caused by a combination of reactor design flaws and operator error. Loss of Life and Illness By mid-2005, fewer than 60 deaths could be linked directly to Chernobyl- mostly workers who were exposed to massive radiation during the accident or children who developed thyroid cancer. Estimates of the eventual death toll from Chernobyl vary widely. A 2005 report by the Chernobyl Forum- eight U.N. organizations- estimated the accident eventually would cause about 4,000 deaths. Greenpeace places the figure at 93,000 deaths, based on information from the Belarus National Academy of Sciences. The Belarus National Academy of Sciences estimates 270,000 people in the region around the accident site will develop cancer as a result of Chernobyl radiation and that 93,000 of those cases are likely to be fatal. Another report by the Center for Independent Environmental Assessment of the Russian Academy of Sciences found a dramatic increase in mortality since 1990- 60,000 deaths in Russia and an estimated 140,000 deaths in Ukraine and Belarus- probably due to Chernobyl radiation. Psychological Effects of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident The biggest challenge facing communities still coping with the fallout of Chernobyl is the psychological damage to 5 million people in Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia. The psychological impact is now considered to be Chernobyls biggest health consequence, said Louisa Vinton, of the UNDP. People have been led to think of themselves as victims over the years, and are therefore more apt to take a passive approach toward their future rather than developing a system of self-sufficiency.† Exceptionally high levels of psychological stress have been reported from the regions around the abandoned nuclear power station.   Countries and Communities Affected Seventy percent of the radioactive fallout from Chernobyl landed in Belarus, affecting more than 3,600 towns and villages, and 2.5 million people. The radiation-contaminated soil, which in turn contaminates crops that people rely on for food. Surface and ground waters were contaminated, and in turn plants and wildlife were (and still are) affected. Many regions in Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine are likely to be contaminated for decades. Radioactive fallout carried by the wind was later found in sheep in the UK, on clothing worn by people throughout Europe, and in rain in the United States. Chernobyl Status and Outlook The Chernobyl accident cost the former Soviet Union hundreds of billions of dollars, and some observers believe it may have hastened the collapse of the Soviet government. After the accident, Soviet authorities resettled more than 350,000 people outside the worst areas, including all 50,000 people from nearby Pripyat, but millions of people continue to live in contaminated areas. After the breakup of the Soviet Union, many projects intended to improve life in the region were abandoned, and young people began to move away to pursue careers and build new lives in other places. In many villages, up to 60 percent of the population is made up of pensioners, said Vasily Nesterenko, director of the Belrad Radiation Safety and Protection Institute in Minsk. In most of these villages, the number of people able to work is two or three times lower than normal. After the accident, Reactor No. 4 was sealed, but the Ukranian government allowed the other three reactors to keep operating because the country needed the power they provided. Reactor No. 2 was shut down after a fire damaged it in 1991, and Reactor No. 1 was decommissioned in 1996. In November 2000, the Ukranian president shut down Reactor No. 3 in an official ceremony that finally closed the Chernobyl facility. But Reactor No. 4, which was damaged in the 1986 explosion and fire, is still full of radioactive material encased inside a concrete barrier, called a sarcophagus, that is aging badly and needs to be replaced. Water leaking into the reactor carries radioactive material throughout the facility and threatens to seep into the groundwater. The sarcophagus was designed to last about 30 years, and current designs would create a new shelter with a lifetime of 100 years. But radioactivity in the damaged reactor would need to be contained for 100,000 years to ensure safety. That is a challenge not only for today  but for many generations to come.

Analytical Essay on Native American Health Beginnings of Substance Abuse

Analytical Essay on Native American Health Beginnings of Substance Abuse Native American Heath issues predominantly stemmed from the beginning of western colonization. In the past Indians roamed free, before the interruption of western civilizations they suffered from diseases that were common to them. Because of the fact that the diseases were common to them their bodies had also built up immunity. In this paper I intent to discuss the coming of western civilization to Indian country and how this affected the health of Native Americans and in many ways incorporated drug and alcohol abuse. When westerners came they brought many things with them, some of the many things they brought with them were diseases, which Native Americans had no immunity. They also introduce alcohol, which was also new to Native Americans, and they also didn’t have as high a Torrance or understanding of the substance that westerners had, which resulted in alcoholism to many. â€Å"In 1892, sharp-dealing speculators had extracted a ninety-nine-year lease to Salamancea’s site from the headmen of the Senecas, whose reservation snakes along the narrow valley of the Allegheny River. The way they accomplished it was by sequestering the Senecas in a local hotel and lubricating them with alcohol until they agreed to sign.† (introduction Brodewich) In many early federal dealings alcohol was used to reach an agreement between the Native Americans and the westerners in an attempt for the westerners to achieve their objective, ownership of the land. When western settlers came they brought alcohol, which was new to the Native Americans, they didn’t know anything about the substance and didn’t have the high tolerance the western settlers had. Today it is suggested that alcoholism is a biological disease that is inherited, Native Americans are reluctant to adopt this thought because in their view they see it as an excuse or a way of saying there is no cure. Also with the coming of western settlers came diseases that such as chicken pox and measles. These diseases didn’t mean much To the western settlers, they had built up immunities to the many of the illnesses they brought, but for the native Americans these illnesses whipped out thousands. Other diseases that thrived through Native American culture were S.T.D’s among those were syphilis. After being transferred to reservations, and finding the land barren, many Indians could not farm. The area also did not have animals for the Native American to hunt for food. Many of the Native women were forced to sell their bodies to solder’s in order to get food to survive. This caused the wide spread of sexually transmitted diseases. Today certain diseases and conditions are known to affect the Native American population with more frequency and/or severity than other populations. It is important for Native Americans to be informed and educated on these issues so that they may better understand how these disease processes may alter or impact on their lives.

Essay Change Control

Essay Change Control Essay Change Control Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada Abstract Purpose – To explore the shared experience of organizational change from centralized allocation and control of services and resources to an empowering partnership approach to service delivery in one Canadian home care program. Design/methodology/approach – Applying an interpretive phenomenological design, data from in-depth interviews with a purposeful sample (n  ¼ 28) of providers, clients and informal caregivers were analysed using hermeneutic techniques, and validated by member checking and peer review. Findings – The overall experience of change was comprised of two dynamic change patterns: extrinsically introduced organizational development, facilitated by contextual factors; and intrinsically developed transformational change, impeded by the same contextual factors. The patterns together comprised participants’ enactment of an answer to the existential question, â€Å"To have or to be?† Research limitations/implications – While interpretive research does not elicit generalizable results, the ï ¬ ndings of this study illuminate the importance of choosing change strategies appropriate for the intended change, addressing what the change may mean to all involved, and confronting the contextual factors that undermine the change. Practical implications – New strategies are needed if engrained attitudes, values and beliefs about professional service delivery are to be changed. Originality/value – The interpretation exposes the nature of professional practice in health and social services, the impact of this work context on practice, and concrete strategies for managing organizational change. Keywords Organizational change, Health services, Home care, Social services, Canada Paper type Research paper Introduction Declining resources and organizational restructuring distract attention from efforts to develop more client-centred, empowering partnership approaches to health and social services delivery (Falk-Raphael, 1996; Montgomery, 1993; Stewart et al., 2003). Yet in the ï ¬ eld of home care, heightened consumer expectations and evaluations of approaches affording clients greater autonomy and voice in their care at home (Alberta Ministry of Health, 1993; Manitoba Ministry of Health, 1994; Saskatchewan Health, This interdisciplinary study was funded by the Medical Research Council of Canada and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. The ï ¬ ndings and conclusions are those of the authors. No ofï ¬ cial endorsement by the funding bodies should be concluded, nor should it be inferred. The authors wish to acknowledge the technical assistance of Ms Lisa Tran with the preparation of Figure 1. Journal of Organizational Change Management Vol. 19 No. 2, 2006 pp. 119-135 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 0953-4814 DOI 10.1108/09534810610648861 JOCM 19,2 120 1996) support change in this direction. The limited research evidence suggests that clients demonstrate potential for involvement (Fast and Chapin, 1996), but changing care approaches to empower them as partners in care may be slow (England and Evans, 1992), stressful (Charles et al., 1996) and impeded by organizational barriers (Ferronato, 1999; McWilliam et al., 1994, 2001). Publicly funded home care programs in Canada currently confront this dilemma. Their services normally are delivered in a brokerage model by a diversity of service providers with varying degrees of client involvement in their care. Providers include case managers, often nurses or social workers by professional background, who assess client needs, and based on their assessments, decide, access, coordinate, monitor and control amounts and timeframes of resources and services. These case managers act as brokers, contracting direct in-home service from other provider groups, including professional nurses, occupational, physical and speech therapists, and social workers, and

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING POLICY AND PRACTICE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING POLICY AND PRACTICE - Essay Example The economic sector is keen on financial institutions and government; accounting is seen as an economic asset. Theoretically speaking, financial accounting and reporting is objective, neutral and political through the standard setting process is influenced by external factors with different interests. The activities in the economic sector affect directly the accounting practice of corporations. The standard setter regulator in accounting is either a government-controlled institutions or independent agencies. These two bring up the regulated and non-regulated theories (Marchetti, 2012). The unregulated approach states that the market and its mechanism determine the production and regulation according to its needs. The Agency Theory is introduced here, which is the relationship between principals and agents and helps with resolving problems that exist in the agency, these problems arise from inefficiencies and incomplete information. The unregulated approach, also known as free market approach contributes to positive accounting as it requires lower or higher standards to recognize losses or ga ins in contract markets. A regulated market, also known as the controlled market, is where the government controls the forces of supply and demand, which includes who is allowed to enter the market and what prices are charged (Mclaney, 2009 p. 56). According to Mclaney, E. (2009), free market economies have a freedom to innovate which allows the business owners to bring new ideas, new products, and new services. In the unregulated market, the customers make decisions on which products succeed or fail because they decide on which product to use and on what. The primary objective of a free market economy is to make a profit. The companies sacrifice worker safety, when a free market economy gets out of control, the consequences can be damaging. This includes; lost income, unemployment, and homelessness. Many of these failures come from those with short-term

Organisation of Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organisation of Business - Research Paper Example An example of a hospitality organization chart is shown in the diagram below. The above diagram is a form of a functional organization chart. According to Drury (2004) a functional organization structure, within a company, is one in which all activities of a similar type are placed under the control of the appropriate departmental head. An organization chart usually illustrates the organization structure. An organization structure denotes the way people are grouped in an organization and to whom they report (Drury 2004). The general manager is the leader of the organization. He is in charge of the entire organization and he or she has the responsibility for ensuring that all operations in the hotel are run smoothly (Wood & Brotherton 2008. All the heads of department report to the general manager. Below the General Manager are the heads of departments who are illustrated by the green color. The heads of department are in charge of their departments. They have to ensure that the set their goals and that their goals are in line with the overall organization goals. The heads of department have the responsibility of communicating their goals to the other employees below them (Stair, 2011). Furthermore, heads of department have the duty of preparing the duty roasters of their specific departments. In addition to these duties, the heads of departments have to know the staff requirements of their departments and can also propose the firing of some specific employees that are not fit in their departments (Letavec, 2006). At most hotels, all the heads of departments are usually equal in rank and may meet with the general manager to discuss the direction and goals of the organization. Departmental employees are below the heads of departments in blue color illustrated in the diagram above. They usually report to the heads of department (Andrews, 2009). Their main function is to follow the goals of their specific departments and ensure that they achieve their

Rhetoric Criticism Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rhetoric Criticism - Article Example entitled What it Means to be Colored in the Capital of the U.S. at the United Women’s Club, expressing her views about what was happening then. In this speech, Terrell used Aristotelian forensic rhetoric to present her version of injustice towards colored people in order to increase awareness to their rights and to acquire them. According to Aristotle, forensic rhetoric uses facts to attack or defend, making the audience a judge of what has been done in the past. In Terrell’s speech, she talks about various challenges she has been through as a colored woman and the experiences of others as well in order to show the injustices committed against colored men. She begins with the instances that happened to her or those which she observed and considered to be most possible in her condition as a Black woman. She mentions that there is no other race treated as the Blacks, who may walk the streets to the White House without being fed or accepted in a house, hotel or restaurant. She exposes that even if one has money to buy food or pay for a decent room to stay for the night, if that person is Black, he would not be entertained at all. In a rather ironic tone, Terell points out that even if she were to enter the house of God where color and culture should not be a problem or where love and equality should be most evident, she, as a colored person, would not be given a welcoming reception as expected. This shows that even the very persons who proclaim equality and love, can be void of what they preach when it comes to colored people and the speaker considers this as an injustice. Concerning work, America has always been perceived as a land of promise because of its vast lands and various opportunities. However, to the Blacks, it is not so. According to Terell, there are many able and qualified Black men and women who are highly qualified to do white collar jobs. Nevertheless, color seems to be a hindrance to them. The writer speaks further about this issue by presenting the experience of a young woman who was a rising literary star. She applied to work as stenographer at a company and proving herself to be the best candidate for the job; she was invited in for the interview. Contrary to what the young Black woman expected, she was not given the job because of her color and instead, she was advised to do menial work as that is what the society expects from colored people. Such are the facts Terrell knew about a colored man’s life which she expressed in a compelling manner. â€Å"Her speech isn't as long as others, but it is effective in getting her message across, that there is an abundance of prejudice in America† (Johnston, 2001). She did not merely state examples of injustices that happened to her or a handful of her people but includes the whole community of Black people regardless of their economic status, religion, education and views. Terell used the Association theory by expounding on a specific experience of one person before proceeding to include others in her discussion. For instance, after mentioning the highly qualified applicant who was not given the job of a stenographer, she goes on to speak on a general note, including all the colored women in her discussion of employment opportunities. She says that Black women are not given the fair chance to get employment

Structural analysing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Structural analysing - Essay Example Today, an SEM has become an indispensible instrument for any R&D or production set up dealing with advanced materials science. In the subsequent sections interaction of electrons with matter, basic principles of electron microscopy, architecture and working of scanning electron microscope, different attachments to an SEM and applications of SEM in materials science will be discussed in brief with special emphasis on specifications of a modern SEM. Interaction of Electrons with Matter Electrons as a probe are extremely versatile as they generate a wide range of signals which can be detected and processed to get useful and meaningful insight about surface topography, microstructure, microchemistry and micro-texture of the material being probed. Different kinds of signal generated as a result of interaction of electron probe are shown in Fig. 1 [1]. Fig. 1: Schematic Drawing Showing Electron – Matter Interaction When thickness of the specimen is less than ~ 100 nm only then the i ncident electron beam is able be pass through it and generate different kind of transmitted signals. However, the transmitted signals are relevant for Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and not for Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM); therefore, we will not discuss about transmitted signals here. Among the reflected signals secondary electrons (SE) and Back Scattered Electrons (BSE) are relevant for SEM for imaging and characteristic X-rays are useful for chemical analysis in SEM. Besides, BSE is also useful in micro-texture analysis using Electron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD) attachment. Therefore, we will limit our focus to these signals only. Secondary Electrons (SE) These are low energy electrons (less than 50 eV) generated after the incident beam hits the substrate. Back Scattered Electrons (BSE) These are high energy electrons (more than 50 eV up to beam energy) generated after the incident beam hits the substrate. Characteristic X-Rays When electron beam strikes the s pecimen, it knocks out the inner shell electrons and the vacancy thus created is immediately filled by an electron from higher shells. This electronic transition leads to generation of X-rays which are characteristics of the element. Thus these X-rays can be used for micro-chemical analysis using Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and / or Wavelength Dispersive Spectroscopy (WDS). Basic Architecture of SEM Basic architecture of an SEM is presented in Fig. 2 [2]. It is a column always under vacuum consisting of different subcomponents. It consists of an electron gun or electron source. This can be different types, which will be discussed afterwards. This is followed by condenser lenses to focus the beam. There are apertures in the path to allow only and an aperture to allow only the useful (central) portion of the beam to the subsequent stages. The focused beam is double scanned and made to pass through an aperture to fall onto the specimen. The beam is scanned over the specimen in a raster and the generated signals – secondary or back scattered electrons are collected, amplified and again scanned in a raster onto a CRT screen in synchronized manner. Thus image is formed pixel by pixel. The magnification is ratio of

The Impact of Strategic International Job Placement Term Paper

The Impact of Strategic International Job Placement - Term Paper Example The companies hired for these functions are well equipped with trained personnel and tolls to perform the jobs more efficiently and cost effectively. Typically, an outsourcing process includes four different stages. The first stage includes the strategic thought processing for building up the philosophy for outsourcing activities. The second stage involves the evaluation of the outsourcing projects and selecting the suitable one. The third stage deals with the development of the contract and the determination of the price of SLA (service level agreement). Finally, the fourth stage deals with the relationship management between the client and the service provider. Business Process Outsourcing and Information Technology Outsourcing are the most common forms of outsourcing. The task of outsourcing becomes more delicate when the work is offshored i.e. the work is done in a different country. This brings in certain differences of culture and time zone. In USA, business processes are outsourced at a huge rate. Since 1980s the outsourcing by US started gaining momentum. The range of outsourcing is also wide since USA outsources material inputs outside the firm and also hires services from beyond the borders through FDI in foreign countries. The process of outsourcing thus has multifaceted implication on USA. It has influenced USA's trade, labor market, welfare, growth and industrial structure. Out of all the impacts of outsourcing, the impact on the US labor market happens to be the most sought after issue. Effect of Outsourcing on GDPThe prime reason for outsourcing in US is the cost and time savings. These benefits of outsourcing offer immense growth potential for the US firms. The outsourcing of functions in USA has had a significant effect on the country's GDP. It is estimated that outsourcing added $33.6 billion to the real GDP of USA in 2003. The analysis in 2003 estimated that by 2008 outsourcing will add $ 124.2 billion to the real GDP of USA. The trade effects of outsourcing were seen to be positive. In 2003, US exports were higher by $2.3 billion because of outsourcing and the estimated value of exports from outsourcing in 2008 was $9 billion. Extensive research on outsourcing revealed some magical figures on savings. It was seen that the IT industry in USA will save up to $ 390 billion through software development and offshore services. The GDP of USA also grew considerably through massive rounds of outsourcing. Between 1999 and 2002 USA experienced an additional growth of $2 30 billion in their GDP. Some of the remarkable figures in US export and import indicate that the significant improvement is due to outsourcing. In 2004, the export figure on services was $343.9 billion in services while the import was $296.1 billion. US trade in services increased by 33 % from $482.3 billion (1999) to $640 billion (2004), with exports rising by 22 percent and imports increasing by 48 percent (Greene W. January 2006). Outsourcing of Manufacturing and IT jobs The benefit of IT outsourcing is enhanced productivity. II capital prices are significantly low and tend to fall. Hence, a company which is focusing on the outsourcing IT will have two options open before it; purchase IT capital

Name three ideas embraced by the Futurists and relate those three Essay

Name three ideas embraced by the Futurists and relate those three ideas to a particular work of art - Essay Example Dynamism of a cyclist by Umberto Boccioni is a masterpiece of futurist art in its true sense. While the painting projects a collage of images that basically conjure the image of a cyclist in motion thereby not rendering any clear format other than that of some definite geometrical shapes as well as colours. Obviously very much futurist by nature, Dynamism of a Cyclist as a piece of art lives up to all the major features of futurist art. The cyclist in motion represents the essence of future by exhibiting motion which in turn depicts progress. However, since the work is an attempt to capture a moving cyclist, the picture so formed is hazy and what viewers can make out are the definite geometric shapes, something that is quintessential to cubism (Janson & Janson, 2004). Obviously the feature of industrialization becomes apparent from the artist’s use of the cycle, an obvious machine and product of industrialization. The feature of divisionism is also extant is the dynamism of a cyclist. The breaking of light and colour down to dots and stripes is what the painting primarily consists of, apart from cubist overtones. Thus a progressive theme has been depicted through geometric patterns as well as deft use of light and shades in dynamism of a cyclist thereby abiding by the leading features of

Structural analysing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Structural analysing - Essay Example Today, an SEM has become an indispensible instrument for any R&D or production set up dealing with advanced materials science. In the subsequent sections interaction of electrons with matter, basic principles of electron microscopy, architecture and working of scanning electron microscope, different attachments to an SEM and applications of SEM in materials science will be discussed in brief with special emphasis on specifications of a modern SEM. Interaction of Electrons with Matter Electrons as a probe are extremely versatile as they generate a wide range of signals which can be detected and processed to get useful and meaningful insight about surface topography, microstructure, microchemistry and micro-texture of the material being probed. Different kinds of signal generated as a result of interaction of electron probe are shown in Fig. 1 [1]. Fig. 1: Schematic Drawing Showing Electron – Matter Interaction When thickness of the specimen is less than ~ 100 nm only then the i ncident electron beam is able be pass through it and generate different kind of transmitted signals. However, the transmitted signals are relevant for Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and not for Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM); therefore, we will not discuss about transmitted signals here. Among the reflected signals secondary electrons (SE) and Back Scattered Electrons (BSE) are relevant for SEM for imaging and characteristic X-rays are useful for chemical analysis in SEM. Besides, BSE is also useful in micro-texture analysis using Electron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD) attachment. Therefore, we will limit our focus to these signals only. Secondary Electrons (SE) These are low energy electrons (less than 50 eV) generated after the incident beam hits the substrate. Back Scattered Electrons (BSE) These are high energy electrons (more than 50 eV up to beam energy) generated after the incident beam hits the substrate. Characteristic X-Rays When electron beam strikes the s pecimen, it knocks out the inner shell electrons and the vacancy thus created is immediately filled by an electron from higher shells. This electronic transition leads to generation of X-rays which are characteristics of the element. Thus these X-rays can be used for micro-chemical analysis using Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and / or Wavelength Dispersive Spectroscopy (WDS). Basic Architecture of SEM Basic architecture of an SEM is presented in Fig. 2 [2]. It is a column always under vacuum consisting of different subcomponents. It consists of an electron gun or electron source. This can be different types, which will be discussed afterwards. This is followed by condenser lenses to focus the beam. There are apertures in the path to allow only and an aperture to allow only the useful (central) portion of the beam to the subsequent stages. The focused beam is double scanned and made to pass through an aperture to fall onto the specimen. The beam is scanned over the specimen in a raster and the generated signals – secondary or back scattered electrons are collected, amplified and again scanned in a raster onto a CRT screen in synchronized manner. Thus image is formed pixel by pixel. The magnification is ratio of

Name three ideas embraced by the Futurists and relate those three Essay

Name three ideas embraced by the Futurists and relate those three ideas to a particular work of art - Essay Example Dynamism of a cyclist by Umberto Boccioni is a masterpiece of futurist art in its true sense. While the painting projects a collage of images that basically conjure the image of a cyclist in motion thereby not rendering any clear format other than that of some definite geometrical shapes as well as colours. Obviously very much futurist by nature, Dynamism of a Cyclist as a piece of art lives up to all the major features of futurist art. The cyclist in motion represents the essence of future by exhibiting motion which in turn depicts progress. However, since the work is an attempt to capture a moving cyclist, the picture so formed is hazy and what viewers can make out are the definite geometric shapes, something that is quintessential to cubism (Janson & Janson, 2004). Obviously the feature of industrialization becomes apparent from the artist’s use of the cycle, an obvious machine and product of industrialization. The feature of divisionism is also extant is the dynamism of a cyclist. The breaking of light and colour down to dots and stripes is what the painting primarily consists of, apart from cubist overtones. Thus a progressive theme has been depicted through geometric patterns as well as deft use of light and shades in dynamism of a cyclist thereby abiding by the leading features of

Economic History and Current India Essay Example for Free

Economic History and Current India Essay There have been recent studies of the entire history of the economy of india where it is possible to ananlyse where india stood its place in past and where it is currently held. Paul Birog made a thorough analysis of Asian countries GDP economic development of 1750-1918 where surprisingly the findings in 1700AD drawn economic statistics of world . China had 32. 8% GDP where as as india had 25% . UK at that time had 1. 8% GDP along with 1% GDP in USA. By the time of 1900 there was a total reversal of paradigm shift where US and UK had GDP growth of 41% whereas China and India suffered 1. 7% GDP overall. The western research shows that india was a economic giant . London economist Angus Madisson in 1990, one of the greatest british economist of all time was appointed by the OECD nations to verify Paul Birogs research along with different levels of assistances from different countries. Eventually in 2010 he published a 2000 year economy of India where it showed from 1AD India topped thed world with 34% GDP. Still in 1000AD it had 28% GDP. In the years 1500 and 1600 china overtakes india. Again in 1700 india overtakes china and finally the entire crash of the Indian economy began later in 1750’s where the british colonial overlords landed in the country and started looting the country and exploiting its resources. The OECD website refers in the â€Å"world economic history and millennium perspective† lists out all these information which have been quoted before. It is one of the most trusted and relied upon website to refer to the statistics of the world economies. Although the word society is absent completely in western society where Margaret Thatcher said in 1971, that there is nothing called as society. And today all the western accepts today is the alternate version of so called civil society. Now civil society is totally different from the traditional society where it can be suggested that it is a form of ‘anti society’. Civil society which is the current western trend is based on social contractual theory, which all the institution are based including out democratic government where each citizen is recognized as co-citizen in country rather than mutual brotherhood based society. For eg. In USA, in Philedelphia, a Son can file a case against his own father for divorce of relationship and can achieve his claim since there is no cultural society, it is a civil society where 2 people are viewed as co-citizens rather with any blood and brotherly relationship. The complete western understanding, their institutions, sociology, individualism, constitutional theory of west does not recognize normal basic human relationship. But whereas our Indian society has always been working entirely on human relations since the ages of time where india showed a huge economic superpower with traditional society. Today since Indian government which is puppying around the western ideology fail to realize that they are taking the economy of the nation into a huge catastrophy. In 1993, when Manmohan Singh was the finance minister invited jagadish bhagavati a neo economist from USA, who formed the entire Duncan WTO treaty for the situation crisis in india with its economic situation. He suggested that the problem with Indian people is that they are saving more than need which comes around 23%GDP,out of which 19 % GDP were only saved by Indians. His advise included to bring down the savings of the people by different means of taxations and other techniques to 9-10%. Out of which this 9 -10% should only be focused on food, shelter like basic needs and increase productions by employing more people and made a whole theory model on that. His theory on Indian situation stated that unless you destroy the family saving of the Indian people and bring it down to half of it, there was no chance of development. He also made a research on the Indian families that Indian woman played a vital role in taking hold of the savings of her family expenditures. So his ideas proposed to change the mentality of the reserved family woman to consumer based woman where she can be advertised to spend more of our money and change the family structure symmetrically in Indian society. In western society there is no propensity to save money assets, thus as a result many families are destroyed. Today 51% Americans are single parent family, out of which 41% children are born to unwed mothers, 20% born for school going children. 51% of the American people are dependent on government support on life insurance, health support etc. where as Indian people have always been dependent on society. Moreover the western economy is build on contractual interest based constitutional society which has led to time bomb ticking economy is USA and other European countries. Today the present scenario has changed the entire habitual thinking process of the people in India. They have a huge affiliated love towards the western society and its features less realizing the suicidal catastrophic and destructive features of its empire. The govt. in India always claim to be globalizing with the world but in reality, india is Americanizing by focusing only on American economic model. There are other traditional society based economies like Japan and germany wherr they instead of manipulating the crowd, they motivate their savings in their family and encourage only the financial institutions to put up money in trades of stock market. There is a huge commonality between the german or Japanese structure of economic history of rich cultural based society which our country could have adopted for the people but current democractic model is partially by the people but it has terribly failed to be for the people by inviting the civil society in our country. Indian economies,constitutions, institutions,sociology, philosophy, education etc all are based on the government economic blueprint of those same people who looted the country, colonized it and then destroyed the Indian GDP. CONCLUSION There are fraternity based economic models in this world with which we share commonality and our ideas should be to have a wider understanding of the world with whom we relate culturally and socially and only then our economic model can be aligned to them to achieve prosperity and serenity in our country.

Polycultural Education: Overview and Reflection

Polycultural Education: Overview and Reflection The problem of enhancement of education belongs to a number of those pedagogical problems which dont lose the relevance eventually. The modern situation in modern society is characterized by the growth of the local ethnic conflicts. Tasks of preserving safety in modern society require continuous work on studying the nature of the conflicts between representatives of various ethnic groups, their influences on the social and economic life of society, and also search of ways of their overcoming. All this sets serious problems for education which cant but react to the taking place events in society. The experience of foreign countries, in particular, the USA, shows that educational institutions are the main structures where the purposeful uniting and peacekeeping policy is pursued. Therefore, education can help society to bring up youth in the spirit of the humane attitude towards representatives of other cultures and to find effective methods of a decrease in international hostility whi ch can be applicable in a social environment in one hand and in another hand can help to improve students grades. Nowadays, researchers propose a theory of culturally focused pedagogy that might be considered in the reformation of teacher education. According to Lopez, (2016), some researchers assert that culturally responsive teaching (CRT) improves academic achievement because it views students culture and language as strengths. All schools have their ratings, and parents usually want to send their children to that school where the ratings are very high. Also, parents look for schools where their children can feel themselves comfortable in other words, in their plates. As an educational leader, I would like to incorporate cultural pedagogies at my school. According to that place where teachers will work, we should prepare future teachers with following requisite teacher beliefs. They are high expectations, cultural knowledge, cultural content integration, and of course language. Firstly, I would like to speak about high expectations. There are so many cultures, which are mixed in every country during the globalization and the role of all teachers be closer to their students helping them to overcome any academicals issues which they will face. According to Villegas and Lucas (2002) state, Teachers attitudes toward students significantly shape the expectations they hold for student learning, their treatment of students, and what students ultimately learn (p. 23). It means that all teachers are responsible for their students performance. Teachers should make standards-based content and curricula accessible to students and teach in a way that students can understand using aspects of their cultures. Once students feel comfortable with how a teacher talks and discusses academic material, they will feel comfortable enough to focus and try to learn the content. For example, in my country when I became a class teacher, I had a class with bad ratings. There were many children from problematic families. I mean, not full families, where they dont have father or mother or both of them. Children were psychologically closed in their inner world. All teachers didnt want to go and teach them because children didnt take a part in discussion or activities during the lesson. And of course, their marks were really bad. It was for me very hard to understand those children, but I did. I started to spend more time with them, and every time I told them you are the best and you can change the world. I encouraged them with sports and they won sports competition at the school. They were very happy. Next, my step was to improve their knowledge. I told them that they won sports Olympiad at the school and it means they are not bad. If they could do it, they can do the best in their subjects too. And they did. I was very satisfied when all my children started to show good results at school. The second, in my opinion, is much important to have cultural knowledge. To know how to teach them using their cultures, traditions and teaching styles. I mean how to behave yourself. New teachers should know all about students culture and the books which they will use in their classes should have included famous and well-known people from local culture. It will keep students attention during the class in one hand and in another hand they will learn many interesting facts which they didnt know before. The treatment of differences as traits, however, may be in part due to the emphasis on differences in ways students learn, and how these merit considerations by teachers. Gay (2002), for example, states that Culture encompasses many things, some of which are more important to know than others because they have direct implications for teaching and learning. Among these are ethnic groups cultural values, traditions, communication, learning styles, contributions, and relational patterns (p .107). The CRT literature is consistent in the need to validate students cultural experiences as knowledge. Avoiding the reduction of cultural experiences as traits, cultural knowledge is also represented in constructivist views of learning, where learners use their prior knowledge and beliefs . . . to make sense of the new input (Villegas Lucas, 2002, p. 25). Ladson-Billings (1995a) shares the constructivist view in her conceptions of self and others, where teachers believed in a Freirean notion of teaching as mining or pulling knowledge out (p. 479), as well as the use of student culture as a vehicle for learning (Ladson-Billings, 1995b, p. 161). According to Crystal Kuykendall, a former executive director of the National Alliance of Black School Educators, culture determines how children perceive life and their relationship to the world. Because culture also influences how and what children learn, educators can use culture to improve self-image and achievement. Not only must tea chers show an appreciation of cultural diversity, they must also incorporate teaching strategies that are congruent with the learning styles of their students (1989, pp. 32-33). The ways culture has been represented in practice, however, have proven to be problematic, as reflected by Ladson-Billings (2014) in her statement, Many practitioners, and those who claim to translate research to practice, seem stuck in very limited and superficial notions of culture (p.77). She elaborates, The idea that adding some books about people of color, having a classroom Kwanzaa celebration, or posting diverse images makes one culturally relevant seem to be what the pedagogy has been reduced to (Ladson-Billings, 2014, p.82). The teacher is the person who has to create a bridge between students home and school lives. So, they should learn students culture from them and their families. The third significant role is playing cultural content integration. To represent students culture as a way to create new knowledge, teachers have to add to the educational process cultural information, resources, and materials reflected in all subjects taught in schools. What information should be included in the curriculum, how it should be integrated into the existing curriculum, and its location within the curriculum, this content integration was described by Banks (1993). And the CRT scholars explain that incorporating students culture into the curriculum affirms the legitimacy of cultural heritages of different ethnic groups, both as legacies that affect students dispositions, attitudes, and approaches to learning and as worthy content to be taught in the formal curriculum (Gay, 2000, p. 29). This is also one of the element to increase students cultural attitudes, which also will be positively reflected on their knowledge. The last one and very important is language. It is not enough to be an attractive teacher after the teacher should follow his or her followers. Thats why the teacher should know students native language. Teachers may not know a 100% of that language but should understand and sometimes use it to explain some kind of hard theme in students language. If the teacher will know students language it will give the opportunity to respect him or her. It is always good to understand each other when the student didnt understand some materials from the book. Gonzà ¡lez (2001) states, to speak of language is to speak of our selves. Language is at the heart, literally and metaphorically, of who we are, how we present ourselves, and how others see us. . . . The ineffable link of language to emotion, to the very core of our being, is one of the ties that bind children to a sense of heritage. (p. xix). Look into blends have reliably supported methodologies that support understudies in their local dia lect (e.g., August Shanahan, 2008; Salazar, 1998; Slavin Cheung, 2005), and the advantages of utilizing students non-English local dialects as a part of direction are not restricted to psychological advantages (e.g., Peal Lambert, 1962). The matter of examining language and its role in achievement trajectories, however, is not simply a conceptualization that applies to non-EL students. As described by Garcà ­a (2009): In cases when bilingualism is developed after the language practices of a community have been suppressed, the development of the communitys mother tongue is not a simple addition that starts from a monolingual point. . . . Therefore, bilingualism is not simply additive, but recursive. (p. 52). Consistent with the view of language as not being limited to ELs, Darder (2012) asserts, It is critical that educators recognize the role language plays as one of the most powerful transmitters of culture, and as such, its central role in both intellectual formation and the s urvival of subordinate cultural populations (p. 36). For instance, when I was teaching, in my class were many children from other nationality. There were Uzbeks, Tatar, Turkish, Russian and other. I tried to speak using all these languages. And you know what, my children tried to correct me if I were wrong. In this way, we could be close to each other. When a teacher knows students language, students usually start to respect their teacher. And this is fact. To conclude, polyculture education is the special mentality based on the ideas of freedom, justice, equality; the educational reform aimed at transformation of traditional educational systems so that they corresponded to interests, educational needs and opportunities of pupils irrespective of racial, ethnic, language, social, gender, religious, cultural origin; the cross-disciplinary process penetrating the content of all disciplines of the training program, but not separate courses, methods and the strategy of training, relationship between all participants of the teaching and educational environment; process of familiarizing of pupils with richness of world culture through consecutive assimilation of knowledge of native and national cultures, arms of pupils ability to critically analyze any information in order to avoid fallacies, and also formations of the tolerant attitude towards cultural distinctions the qualities necessary for life in the multicultural world. References: Anderson, L. M., Stillman, J. A. (2013). Student teachings contribution to preservice  teacher development: A review of research focused on the preparation of teachers for  urban and high-needs contexts. Review of Educational Research, 83(1), 3-69. Antrop-Gonzà ¡lez, R., Và ©lez, W., Garrett, T. (2004). Challenging the academic (MIS) categorization  of urban youth: Building a case for Puerto Rican high achievers. Multiple Voices for  Ethnically Diverse Exceptional Learners, 7(2), 16-32. Antrop-Gonzà ¡lez, R., Và ©lez, W., Garrett, T. (2008). Examining familial-based academic success  factors in urban high school students: The case of Puerto Rican female high achievers.  Marriage Family Review, 43(1-2), 140-163.   Banks, J. A. (1993). Multicultural education: Historical development, dimensions, and practice.  Review of Research in Education, 19(1), 3-49.   Darder, A. (2012). Culture and power in the classroom: A critical foundation for the education of  bicultural students. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Press.   Gay, G. (2002). Preparing for culturally responsive teaching. Journal of Teacher Education,  53(2), 106-116.   Gay, G. (2000). Culturally responsive teaching: Theory, research, and practice. New York,  NY: Teachers College Press.   Gay, G. (2010). Culturally responsive teaching: Theory, research, and practice (2nd ed.). New York,  NY: Teachers College Press.   Ladson-Billings, G. (1995a). Toward a theory of culturally relevant pedagogy. American  Educational Research Journal, 32(3), 465-491.   Ladson-Billings, G. (1995b). But thats just good teaching! The case for culturally relevant  pedagogy. Theory Into Practice 34(3), 159-165.   Ladson-Billings, G. (2014). Culturally relevant pedagogy 2.0: aka the remix. Harvard  Educational Review, 84(1), 74-84. Research: Prevalence of Induced Abortions Research: Prevalence of Induced Abortions Shahida Abbasi Literature Review: Prevalence of induced abortion Prevalence of inducedd Abortion in KP, Pakistan Introduction: Maternal morbidity and mortality (MMR) due to complication of unsafe inducedd abortion constitute a major public health concern in many countries. It is assumed that most of the induced abortions are performed by unskilled personnel. Opting unsafe abortion may lead to severe morbidity and infection which results in affecting quality of life. The ultimate result of unsafe abortion is death, which is one of the contributing factors to increase MMR. Low literacy levels, ineffective use of contraceptive and high unmet need are major contributing factors for unintended pregnancies. World Health Organization (2008) most recent report estimated that each year 80 million unintended pregnancies occurs, of these 33 million are caused by ineffective use of a contraceptive methods. The World Health Organization defines† unsafe abortion as a procedure for terminating an unintended pregnancy carried out either by persons lacking the necessary skills or in an environment that do es not conform to minimal medical standards, or both†(p.1). Nearly all unsafe abortions (97%) are in developing countries. Grimes, et.al. (2006) estimated that 68 000 women die worldwide as a result of complications due to unsafe abortion. In addition, it is estimated that in 2008, in developing countries the rate of inducedd abortion has been increased from 78% to 86% in 1985. South-Central Asia accounts for 200 deaths per 100,000 abortions. In our country the actual data related to induced abortion are scarce due to under reported cases because of legal implications. Naqvi and Edhi (2013) revealed that Pakistan is among the top six countries where atmost half of the world’s all maternal deaths occur. Grimes, et.al. (2006) reported that in Pakistan, abortion rate was estimated 29 per 1000 women per yea. Unlike other causes of MMR, death due to induced abortion is absolutely preventable. It is hypothesized that abortion rate is to be higher in the communities with poor socioeconomic status where contraceptive use is lower and rate of unwanted pregnancies is higher. Significance of the study: There is scarcity of community base studies of induced abortions, especially in KP. Most of the studies on prevalence of induced abortion have been conducted in hospital setting. Only women, who develop complications after induction, visit for treatment. Consequently the hospital studies do not represent the true profile of the abortion seekers living in community level. Moreover, findings of this study will purely represent the profile abortion seeker and determinants which will enable the health professionals to plan safe and better care for them. Finally, findings of this study will be used to improve the standards of care in terms of knowledge and practice for induced abortion. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to determine the profile of abortion seeker, prevalence of inducedd abortion, determinants, complication in the community level. In addition, this study also aims to identify standards of safe abortion care provided in the clinic in community level. Study Question: To explore the prevalence and determinants of induced abortion in the community level in the Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa Pakistan. What is the prevalence rate of induced abortion in the community level? What is the level of knowledge of the women who seeks induced abortion? What are the standards of safe abortion care in the abortion clinic? Search Strategies: Pub Med, CINAHL and Mosbys Nursing Consult used as data source for this paper. Studies published between February 2000 and February 2014 on the topic â€Å"induceds abortion† were included. To retrieve relevant literature, electronic databases were searched using a combination of the key terms, namely: (MMR), inducedd abortion, unsafe abortion, causes and complication. Net search was also extended to Google scholar, Population Council of Pakistan and WHO web search to capture the relevant studies. Search generated 150 articles, and through a selection process, 100 were rejected after reading the title and abstract of the article. Inclusion Criteria: Articles with the same key words published after 2000. Exclusion Criteria: Articles were excluded if the study explored: (1) Abortion due to fetal anomalies (2) Illegal abortion (3) Abortion when the mother health is in danger Critical Review Analysis/ Synthesis Determinants of inducedd abortion: Rehan, Inayatullah, and Chaudhary, (2001) and Shah, Hossain, Noonari, and Khan,(2011) Study conducted in 32 clinics 452 women were interviewed to find out characteristics of Pakistani women seeking abortion. A majority of the women (36.6%) were aged 35 years, 61.0% had given birth to 5 children, among them only 40.2% were illiterate. among them (62.8%) were illiterate. The major cause for abortion were â€Å"multi-gravidity† (64.4%), contraceptive failure was the second highest cause (20.3%). Most of the abortions were performed by incompetently trained persons. Saleem and Fikree (2005) study also substantiate these findings (e.g., example multiparous). Most of the women irrespective of their education who undergone for induced abortion wanted a small family. Similar study conducted by Shah, Hossain, Noonari, and Khan,(2011) reported that n= 43 women who were admitted for treatment of induced abortion related complications. Of these (35%) die d due to abortion related complications which accounts for 9.7% of total MMR. DC is the most preferred method used for unsafe abortion (68.4%) despite the fact that manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) is safest technique for induced abortion. Most of the inducedd abortions were performed by untrained abortion providers (84.6%). It is assumed by the researcher that most of the doctors refuse to perform abortion because of having inadequate knowledge. On the contrary Rehan, (2003) reported that among 114 health professionals all of them were aware of the country abortion law. Of these 67.3% have negative attitude towards the induced abortion. One study conducted in field sites by Saleem and Fikree (2005) reported that the causes for unplanned pregnancies were ineffective use of contraceptive and desire to have small family size. The profile of abortion seeker is similar to reports from Rehan, et.al. (2001). Complication of unsafe abortion: A case study of a 29-year old woman who underwent for an unsafe abortion for  unintended pregnancy reported by Naqvi and Edhi, (2013) that the unskilled person perforated the uterus during DC and pulled out the intestine through vagina. Another study conducted by Shah, Hossain, Noonari, and Khan(2011) identified that septicemia was the most common complication (79%) followed by uterine perforation or bowel perforation (30.2%). Hemorrhage accounts for third frequent complication (20.9%). Shaikh, Abbassi , Rizwan, and Abbasi (2010) conducted a study n=230 on admitted patients with complication due to unsafe abortion. induced abortion for 80% of the women were performed by the trained health professionals while for 20% abortion performed by Traditional Birth Attendant (TBA). Major complications included uterine perforation and gastrointestinal injury, observed in (54.0%) women. Hemorrhage was observed in (26.0%) women. Of these 50 women, (12.0%) women died due to septicemia developed because of delay to avail health services after having unsafe abortion and related complications. Saleem and Fikree (2005) study findings shows that 61% of the women reported heavy vaginal bleeding and fever. 19 of these admitted for treatment due to complication of unsafe abortion. (7/19) received blood transfusion. DC was the most frequent method for induction. This report indicates that induced abortion is a significant reproductive health problem causing morbidity and fatality, which needs special attention of the policy makers. Moreover, Rahim, Shafqat, and Faiz, (2011) study findings revealed that 9 women out of 268 died due to unsafe abortion in Peshawar, Pakistan, which accounts for 3.4% MMR. Gap analysis: Despite the fact that induceds abortion is prohibited by the law and religion findings of the studies suggest that it fairly prevalent in the country. Majority of women, who develop complications, seek treatment from public hospital. Consequently the hospital studies do not represent the true profile of the abortion seekers living in community level. Moreover, findings of this study will purely depict profile abortion seeker and their problems which will enable the health professionals to plan safe and better care for them. Emphasis should be placed on improving the technical expertise of the health professionals in order to enable them to provide safe abortion care and treat unsafe abortion related complication. All those facilities which provide abortion care should be monitored against the WHO standards. Post abortion family planning counseling should be the part of the service. By preventing abortions related complications and deaths we can save our children from becoming motherless. References Grimes, D. A., Benson, J., Singh, S., Romero, M., Ganatra, B., Okonofua, F. E., Shah, I. H. (2006). Unsafe abortion: the preventable pandemic.The Lancet,368(9550), 1908-1919. Khan, A. (2013). inducedd Abortion in Pakistan: Community Based Research.JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association,63(4 Suppl 3), S27-32. Korejo, R., Noorani, K. J., Bhutta, S. (2003). Sociocultural determinants of inducedd abortion. Journal of the College of Physicians and SurgeonsPakistan: JCPSP, 13(5), 260. Ç ºhman, E., Shah, I. H. (2011). New estimates and trends regarding unsafe abortion mortality.International Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics,115(2), 121-126. Naqvi, K. Z., Edhi, M. M. (2013). The horror of unsafe abortion: case report of a life threatening complication in a 29-year old woman.Patient safety in surgery,7(1), 1-4. Rahim, R., Shafqat, T., Faiz, N. R. (2011). An analysis of direct causes of maternal mortality.Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute (Peshawar-Pakistan),20(1). Rehan, N. (2003). Attitudes of health care providers to inducedd abortion in Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc, 53(7), 293-6. Rehan, N., Inayatullah, A., Chaudhary, I. (2001). Characteristics of Pakistani women seeking abortion and a profile of abortion clinics. Journal of womens health gender-based medicine, 10(8), 805-810. Saleem, S., Fikree, F. F. (2005). The quest for small family size among Pakistani women-is voluntary termination of pregnancy a matter of choice or necessity?. quest. Sathar, Z. A., Singh, S., Fikree, F. F. (2007). Estimating the incidence of abortion in Pakistan.Studies in Family Planning,38(1), 11-22. Shah, N., Hossain, N., Noonari, M., Khan, N. H. (2011). Maternal mortality and morbidity of unsafe abortion in a university teaching hospital of Karachi, Pakistan.JPMA-Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association,61(6), 582. Shaikh, Z., Abbassi, R. M., Rizwan, N., Abbasi, S. (2010). Morbidity and mortality due to unsafe abortion in Pakistan. International Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics, 110(1), 47-49. WHO, Unsafe abortion: Global and regional estimates of the 2011. 22 Feb. 2014 http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241501118_eng.pdf> World Health Organization. Unsafe abortion incidence and mortality World Health Organization. 2012. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/75173/1/WHO_RHR_12.01_eng.pdf> Unsafe Abortion: Unnecessary Maternal Mortality. 2009. 22 Feb. 2014 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2709326/> Safe and unsafe inducedd abortion World Health Organization. 2014. 22 Feb. 2014 http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/75174/1/WHO_RHR_12.02_eng.pdf?ua=1> Newhouse, RP. Advanced Practice Nurse Outcomes 1990-2008: A Systematic Review. 2011. https://www.nursingeconomics.net/ce/2013/article3001021.pdf> Rehan, N, Attiya Inayatullah, and Iffat Chaudhary. Characteristics of Pakistani women seeking abortion and a profile of abortion clinics. Journal of womens health gender-based medicine 10.8 (2001): 805-810. Shah, Nusrat et al. Maternal mortality and morbidity of unsafe abortion in a university teaching hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. JPMA-Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 61.6 (2011): 582. Shah, Nusrat et al. Maternal mortality and morbidity of unsafe abortion in a university teaching hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. JPMA-Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 61.6 (2011): 582. Rahim, Rehana, Tanveer Shafqat, and Nasreen Ruby Faiz. An analysis of direct causes of maternal mortality. Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute (Peshawar-Pakistan) 20.1 (2011). Maternal and Perinatal Health in Developing Countries. 22 Feb. 2014 http://books.google.com/books?id=tPi0-hLbTtECpg=PA112lpg=PA112dq=Shaikh,+Abbassi+,+Rizwan,+and+Abbasi+(2010)source=blots=crdQlY4AHgsig=1ZNnZdi8q-99Pg7_vd1BOC0Gock>